![]() ![]() 25% water (Robson and Syndercombe Court, 2018).50% inorganic mineral content (mineral salts).Yellow bone marrow (Fig 1) acts as a potential energy reserve for the body it consists largely of adipose cells, which store triglycerides (a type of lipid that occurs naturally in the blood) (Tortora and Derrickson, 2009). By adulthood, the amount of red marrow has halved, and this reduces further to around 30% in older age (Robson and Syndercombe Court, 2018). Babies are born with only red bone marrow over time this is replaced by yellow marrow due to a decrease in erythropoietin, the hormone responsible for stimulating the production of erythrocytes (red blood cells) in the bone marrow. They are essential in maintaining homoeostasis of minerals in the blood with minerals stored in the bone are released in response to the body’s demands, with levels maintained and regulated by hormones, such as parathyroid hormone.īlood cells are formed from haemopoietic stem cells present in red bone marrow. Mineral homoeostasisĪs the main reservoirs for minerals in the body, bones contain approximately 99% of the body’s calcium, 85% of its phosphate and 50% of its magnesium (Bartl and Bartl, 2017). Protectionīones provide protective boundaries for soft organs: the cranium around the brain, the vertebral column surrounding the spinal cord, the ribcage containing the heart and lungs, and the pelvis protecting the urogenital organs. The bones act as levers, while the muscles generate the forces responsible for moving the bones. Appendicular skeleton – appendages, such as the upper and lower limbs, pelvic girdle and shoulder girdle.Īs well as contributing to the body’s overall shape, the skeletal system has several key functions, including:īones are a site of attachment for ligaments and tendons, providing a skeletal framework that can produce movement through the coordinated use of levers, muscles, tendons and ligaments.Axial skeleton – bones along the axis of the body, including the skull, vertebral column and ribcage.The skeletal system is composed of bones and cartilage connected by ligaments to form a framework for the rest of the body tissues. Scroll down to read the article or download a print-friendly PDF here (if the PDF fails to fully download please try again using a different browser).This article has been double-blind peer reviewed.Nursing Times 116: 2, 38-42.Īuthor: Jennie Walker is principal lecturer, Nottingham Trent University. Understanding the structure and purpose of the bone allows nurses to understand common pathophysiology and consider the most-appropriate steps to improve musculoskeletal health.Ĭitation: Walker J (2020) Skeletal system 1: the anatomy and physiology of bones. This article, the first in a two-part series on the structure and function of the skeletal system, reviews the anatomy and physiology of bone. Many patients will complain of pain in their back on standing and walking that improves with bending forward and these patients tend to have increased pain when placed into extension on physical examination.The skeletal system is formed of bones and cartilage, which are connected by ligaments to form a framework for the remainder of the body tissues. They have been found to be a source of pain in patients presenting with low back pain and can refer pain into the lower extremity but generally not below the knee. For example, the facet joint is loaded or compressed on extension and unloaded and stretched on flexion. Using this knowledge and combining it with a history and physical examination can guide clinicians in determining what is the cause a patient's spine complaints and ways that it can be treated. Biomechanical studies have been performed to demonstrate when these particular structures are compressed or stressed. These include the muscles, ligaments, zygapophyseal (facet) joints, the outer portion of the disc, nerve root and the vertebral bodies. There have been studies which have determined which structures of the spine are capable of producing pain. By obtaining a detailed history from the patient a physician can determine the location and the likely cause of a patient's complaint and then formulate a treatment plan to treat that particular problem.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |